Electronic Transactions and Trust Services Law — articles 1–54

In applying the provisions of this Decree Law, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings ascribed thereto respectively, unless the context otherwise requires: State:United Arab Emirates. TDRA:Telecommun…

1. The provisions of this Decree Law shall apply to: a. Persons who adopt Electronic Transactions, Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services specified in accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law. b. Electronic…

This Decree Law aims to: 1. Enhance trust, encourage and facilitate Electronic Transactions of all kinds, and protect the rights of customers. 2. Keep pace with technological development to enhance Electronic Transaction…

For the purposes of applying the provisions of this Decree Law, TDRA shall have the following competencies: 1. Regulating the work and activities of the Licensees, including issuing, renewing, amending, suspending and ca…

1. An Electronic Document shall not lose its legal force or enforceability for being in electronic form. 2. The data contained in Electronic Documents shall not lose its legal force for being received, whenever the detai…

1. If any legislation in force in the State requires the storage of a document, record or information, for any reason, this requirement shall be fulfilled if that document, record or information is stored in the form of …

If any legislation in force in the State requires any information, statement, document, record, transaction or evidence to be in writing, or stipulates certain consequences in the event of no writing, this requirement sh…

1. If any legislation in force in the State requires the affixation of a signature or seal on a document or record, or stipulates certain consequences in the event of not signing or sealing a document or record, this req…

If any legislation in force in the State requires the submission or storage of any document, record, information or message in its original form, this requirement shall be considered met by the Electronic Document in the…

1. For contracting purposes, offer and acceptance may be expressed electronically. 2. A contract shall not lose its validity, evidential weight or enforceability merely because it is made in the form of one or more Elect…

1. A contract may be made between Automated Electronic Mediums that include one or more Electronic Information Systems that are prepared and programmed in advance for this purpose. Such contract shall be valid, enforceab…

1. An Electronic Document is considered issued by the Originator if he has issued it himself. 2. In the relationship between the Originator and Addressee, an Electronic Document shall be considered issued by the Originat…

1. If the Originator has not agreed with the Addressee that the acknowledgment of receipt shall be in a certain form or manner, the acknowledgment of receipt may be made by the following: a. Any message from the Addresse…

1. Unless an agreement is made between the Originator and Addressee on the place and time of sending and receiving the Electronic Document, the following shall apply: a. The Electronic Document shall be considered sent w…

1.No person may provide Trust Services except after obtaining a license from TDRA in accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law and the Executive Regulations thereof. 2.No person may provide Qualified Trust Servic…

1. The Federal Authority for Identity and Citizenship shall set the controls, standards, and requirements that must be met by the license applicant, service provider, or Qualified Service Provider in the following two ca…

Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services shall be determined according to the following: 1. Trust Services, including the following: a. Creating an Electronic Signature and a Reliable Electronic Signature. b. Issuing …

1. The admissibility of an Electronic Document, Electronic Signature, Electronic Seal or Electronic Transactions as evidence in any legal proceeding shall not be precluded by the mere fact that it is received in electron…

An Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal shall be reliable if the following conditions are met: 1. Be linked to, and fall under the full and exclusive control of, the Signatory. 2. Be capable of identifying the Signato…

1. A Qualified Electronic Signature or Qualified Electronic Seal shall be valid if the following conditions are met: a. The Electronic Signature and Electronic Seal are created based on a valid and qualified Authenticati…

The Qualified Electronic Signature or Qualified Electronic Seal Device shall meet the following conditions: 1. Ensuring the confidentiality of the Electronic Signature or Seal Creation Data used. 2. Protecting the Electr…

A Qualified Trust Service Provider shall, when providing a data storage service for Qualified Electronic Signatures and Qualified Electronic Seals, comply with the procedures and techniques that maintain the continuity o…

The Qualified Electronic Time Stamp shall meet the following conditions: 1. The date and time are linked to the data in a way that prevents undetectable alteration of the data. 2. Relying on an accurate time source linke…

The Qualified Electronic Delivery Service shall meet the following conditions: 1.To be provided by one or more Qualified Trust Service Providers. 2.Ensuring the identification of the sender based on a high level of secur…

1. An Authentication Certificate shall no longer be valid from the date of its cancellation. Such cancellation shall not apply retroactively to any Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal made based on such certificate p…

A Qualified Trust Service Provider shall, when using a Qualified Trust Mark, comply with the following requirements: 1. Indicating the Qualified Trust Services it is licensed to provide. 2. Linking the mark to an electro…

1.TDRA shall create a list of the Licensees and their services and a list of the Electronic Identification System and the Qualified Electronic Signature and Seal Devices, include them in the UAE Trust List and publish th…

1. Nothing in this Decree Law requires a person to use or accept Electronic Dealing. However, a person's consent to Electronic Dealing may be inferred from any conduct that indicates such consent. 2. A person may use any…

1. A Relying Party shall be held responsible for the consequences of the failure thereof to take the necessary measures to ensure the validity and enforceability of an Authentication Certificate and to observe any restri…

A Signatory shall be held responsible for the consequences of the failure thereof if the following measures are not observed: 1. Exercising due diligence to avoid any unauthorized use of the Electronic Signature or Seal …

The owner of the Digital Identity shall be held responsible for the consequences of the failure thereof if the following measures are not taken: 1. Exercising due diligence to avoid any unauthorized use of the Digital Id…

Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services shall, whenever possible, be made available to natural persons with disabilities, in accordance with the procedures and techniques that suit their needs or the nature of their …

1. The levels of security and trust of the Electronic Identification System and the Digital Identity issued thereby are three: low, medium and high, according to the following general classifications: a. Low level: means…

A Qualified Trust Service Provider shall, when issuing a Qualified Authentication Certificate, verify the identity and capacity of the person to whom the certificate will be issued, by any of the following means: 1. Ensu…

The Licensees shall have the following obligations: 1. Notifying TDRA, the Competent Authorities and the concerned person of any violation or breach of the security and integrity of the data, immediately upon becoming aw…

Qualified Trust Service Providers shall have the following obligations: 1. Complying with the terms of Licenses issued thereto. 2. Ensuring the accuracy of the material data in electronic Authentication Certificates thro…

Qualified Trust Services provided by Qualified Trust Service Providers outside the State shall be recognized if they are similar to the level of services provided by Qualified Trust Service Providers in accordance with t…

Trust Service Providers shall bear civil liability for any damages incurred by any person as a result of breach of the obligations stipulated in this Decree Law, the Executive Regulations thereof and decisions issued by …

Shall be punished by imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than one hundred thousand (100,000) Dirhams and not more than three hundred thousand (300,000) Dirhams whoever forges or participates in the forgery of an Elect…

Shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of not more than one year and/or a fine of not less than one hundred thousand (100,000) Dirhams and not more than one million (1,000,000) Dirhams whoever: 1.Unlawfully explo…

1. Shall be punished by temporary imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than five hundred thousand (500,000) Dirhams any person who, by any authority granted thereto hereunder, has access to confidential information of …

Shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of not more than six months and/or a fine of not less than twenty thousand (20,000) Dirhams and not more than one hundred thousand (100,000) Dirhams whoever intentionally su…

Shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty thousand (50,000) Dirhams and not more than two hundred and fifty thousand (250,000) Dirhams whoever: 1.Is licensed to provide Trust Services or Qualified Trust Services…

Shall be punished by imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than five hundred thousand (500,000) Dirhams and not more than one million (1,000,000) Dirhams whoever: 1.Proceeds with any of the Trust Services or Qualified T…

Without prejudice to the rights of bona fide third parties, the court shall order the confiscation of tools and devices used in committing any of the crimes provided for in this Decree Law.

Imposition of the penalties stipulated in this Decree Law shall not prejudice any more severe penalty stipulated in any other law.

The Cabinet shall issue a decision specifying the acts that constitute a violation of the provisions of this Decree Law, the Executive Regulations thereof and the decisions issued in implementation thereof, as well as th…

The TDRA's employees who are designated by a resolution of the Minister of Justice, in agreement with the Chairman, shall act as law enforcement officers to identify the violations of the provisions of this Decree Law, t…

Those who are subject to the provisions hereof shall regularize their status in accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law and the Executive Regulations thereof within a period not exceeding one year from the date…

The Cabinet shall issue a decision determining the fees required for the implementation of the provisions of this Decree Law.

The Cabinet shall, based on a proposal of the Chairman and after coordination with the Competent Authorities, issue the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.

1. Federal Law No. (1) of 2006 on Electronic Commerce and Transactions shall be repealed. 2. Any provision contrary to or in conflict with the provisions of this Decree Law shall be repealed. 3. The decisions and regulat…

This Decree Law shall be published in the Official Gazette and shall enter into force as of 2 January 2022.