1.An informal instrument shall be deemed issued by the person who signed it and legally valid vis-à-vis him, unless this person explicitly denies that the handwriting, signature, signature stamp, or fingerprint attributed to him is his, or his successors deny the same or declare that they do not know that the handwriting, signature, signature stamp, or fingerprint is of the person from whom the right passed to them. 2.The person against whom an informal instrument is invoked and who discusses the content thereof before the supervising judge or the court, as the case may be, may neither deny the validity thereof nor invoke that he does not know that such instrument is issued by the person from whom the right passed to him.
Interpretation and application must be checked against the official text and current version.