1. Harm may be caused directly or by causation. 2. If the harm occurs directly, a guarantee is due without any condition. If it occurs by causation, no guarantee is due unless the perpetrator was a transgressor or acted intentionally, or the act led to the harm. 3. If both the direct actor and the cause combine, the ruling is attributed to the direct actor. 4. If one person deceives another, they shall be jointly liable for the harm resulting from that deception.
Interpretation and application must be checked against the official text and current version.